I. LANGUAGE USAGE
A. TENSES
| TENSES | POLA | KET. WAKTU |
| Present Tense
(Menyatakan kebiasaan hingga sekarang masih dilakukan) |
V= (+) S+V¹ (-s/es utk S he,she,it)
(-) S+Do/Does not + V¹ Do utk S= I,you,they,we Does utk S= he,she,it She goes to school everyday She does not go to school everyday N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) + adj/n/adv She is beautiful |
Every…
Usyally Always dll |
| Present Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu bicara) |
V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing
She is not going to school everyday |
Now
At present At this moment To day |
| Present Perfect
(Menyatakan perbuatan/tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tertentu di masa lampau dan pada saat berbicara perbuatan/tindakan tsb telah selesai/baru aja selesai dilakukan) |
V= (+) S + have/has + V3
Have utk S= I,you,they,we Has utk S= he,she,it Father has gone to work for 12 hours N= (+) S + have/has+Been + adj/n/adv Father has been at his office since 12 hours ago. |
Lately
Recently For Since already yet lately just |
| Past Tense
(Menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau) |
V= (+) S + V2
(-) S + did not + V¹ Did utk semua Subjek N= (+) S + Be (was/were) + adj/n/adv Was utk S= I,he,she,it Were utk S= you,they,we |
Yesterday
Last… …ago |
| Past Perfect Tense
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang telah selesai dilakukan ketika aktivitas lain terjadi pada waktu lampau) |
V= (+) S + had + V3
Had utk semua Sabjek (S) N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv |
Before/when + S + V2 |
| Past Perfect Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang telah berlangsung selama periode waktu tertentu ketika aktivitas lain terjadi diwaktu lampau, aktivitas tsb masih berlangsung) |
V= (+) S + had been + V-ing | For + periode waktu + when/ before + S + V2 |
| Future tense
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang) |
V= (+) S + will/shall + V¹
Will utk semua Sabjek (S) Shall utk S = I,we N= (+) S + will/shall +be + adj/n/adv |
Tomorrow
Next… |
| Future Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang) |
V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing |
At this time tomorrow
At ten tomorrow |
| Future Perfect
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah selesai dilakukan ketika aktivitas lain terjadi diwaktu yang akan datang) |
V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3
N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been +adj/n/ |
By + ket.waktu |
| Future Perfect Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan telah sedang berlangsung selama waktu tertentu ketika aktivitas lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang) |
V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been + V-ing |
By + ket.waktu |
| Past Future Tense
(Menyatakan perbuatan/keadaan yang akan datang dilakukan/terjadi diwaktu lampau. Perbuatan tsb sudah direncanakan tapi tidak terlaksana) |
V= (+) S + would/should + V¹
N= (+) S + would/should + be + adj/n/adv |
Yesterday
Last… Just now If + simple past |
| Past Future Perfect Tense
(menyatakan suatu pengandaian pada masa lampau, sesuatu seharusnya akan telah terjadi pada saat suatu syarat terpenuhi) |
V= (+) S + would/should + have +V3
N= (+) S + would/should + have been + adj/n/adv |
If + past perfect |
| Past Perfect Continuous
(Menyatakan perbuatan yang seharusnya sudah sedang berlangsung di suatu waktu di masa lampau tetapi kenyataanya gagal berlangsung) |
V= (+) S + would/should + have been + V-ing |
By + ket.waktu |
Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki setiap tensis:
| Simple Present | V¹/do,does/am,is,are |
| Simple past | V2/did/was,were |
| Perfect | have/has/had + V3/been |
| Future/modal (present)
Future/modal (past) |
will/shall/may/can/must + V¹/be
would/sould/might/could/had to + V¹/be |
| Continuous | Tobe + v-ing |
TO BE
| Present
Past Perfect Future/modal |
Am, is, are
Was, were Been be |
Contoh soal
1. Fred : Juda, the telephone rang twelve times. What were you doing?
Juda: I____ Javanese dancing, “Srimpi”.
a. practised d. have been practising
b. was parctising e. will be practising
c. have practised
Jawaban : B (Past Continuous Tense)
2. Dian : The Public Health Centre ____ there for more than twenty years.
The doctors and paramedis work hard to improve the people’s health especially children.
Iwan : Yes, they are succesful. The infant/death rate has decreased remarkably.
a. works d. has been working
b. worked e. will have worked
c. is working
Jawaban : D (Present Perfect Continuous = peristiwa yang terjadi/dimulai pada waktu lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. Ada tanda waktu for yang bisa dijadikan ciri)
3. Devi : So you have finished washing the dished. When did you do it?
Sri : I did while you ____ the yard.
a. clean d. were cleaning
b. cleaned e. have been cleaning
c. had cleaned
Jawaban : D (Past Continuous tense = menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Kata while bisa dijadikan ciri)
4. Retno : Why don’t you reply my letter?
Hadi : Oh sorry. I forget to tell you that I ___ in Bali since last year.
a. am living d. will have lived
b. was living e. have been living
c. have to live
Jawaban : E (Present Perfect Continuous. Tanda waktu since dapat dijadikan ciri)
5. Vina : When did you get the letter?
Fani : Yesterday. My family ____ when the postman arrived.
a. have lunch d. will have had lunch
b. will have lunch e. have been having lunch
c. were having lunch
Jawaban : C (Past Continuous tense biasa juga dipakai untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu lampau.
When + simple past dapat dijadikan ciri)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. If we don”t hurry, the meeting ___ by the time we get there.
a. would have started d. will start
b. will have started e. starts
c. will be started
2. The librarian suddenly heard a noise.
Librarian : What was the noise?
Student : I dropped some books while I ____ them to the table.
a. carry d. am carrying
b. carried e. have carried
c. was carryin
3. Ann has been looking for a job for six month.
This sentence means that Ann ___.
a. has got a new job d. has stopped looking for a job
b. has worked for six months e. started to work 6 months a go
c. is still looking for a job
4. When airport are located in the center of citied, they ___ noise pollution and distrub people’s life.
a. caused d. were causing
b. causes e. have caused
c. will cause
5. Agam : Where will we go next holiday?
Joko : What about Bali?
Agam : That’s OK, but I ____ there many times.
a. am d. will be
b. was e. will have been
c. have been
6. My father is still in Bali. He ____ there for three weeks.
a. is d. has been
b. was e. have been
c. had been
7. Anto : I’m sorry Ary. I forget to bring your book.
Ary : What did he say Lina?
Lina : Anto said that he ___ to bring your book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
b. had forgotten e. forgot
c. would forget
8. Teacher : I”ve heard that Benny is ill. Is it right?
Student : Yes, sir. He ____ ill for a week.
a. was d. would be
b. has been e. will have been
c. had been
9. Teacher : You will be ready for a test next week. Learn all these.
Student : All right, sir. I ____ them by then.
a. learn d. will be learning
b. have learnt e. will have learnt
c. am learning
10. Reni goes to her university every morning. She studies business. You can’t meet her at her house at 10.00 tomorrow. She ___ the lectures.
a. will be attending d. has attended
b. has been attending e. attended
c. would be attended
ANITA 